Northern Europe
Capital of Denmark: Copenhagen | Capital of Iceland: Reykjavik | Capital of Finland: Helsinki | Capital of Sweden: Stockholm | Capital of Norway: Oslo |
Capital of the United Kingdom: London | Capital of France: Paris | Capital of the Netherlands: Amsterdam | Capital of Belgium: Brussels |
Capital of Luxembourg: Luxembourg City | Capital of Monaco: Monaco | Capital of Ireland: Dublin |
Capital of Germany: Berlin | Capital of Switzerland: Bern | Capital of Austria: Vienna | Capital of Hungary: Budapest |
Capital of Poland: Warsaw | Capital of the Czech Republic: Prague | Capital of Liechtenstein: Vaduz | Capital of Slovakia: Bratislava |
Capital of Italy: Rome | Capital of Spain: Madrid | Capital of Portugal: Lisbon | Capital of Greece: Athens | Vatican capital: Vatican City |
Capital of Romania: Bucharest | Capital of Bulgaria: Sofia | Capital of Croatia: Zagreb | Capital of Slovenia: Ljubljana | Capital of Serbia: Belgrade |
Capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Sarajevo | Capital of the Republic of Montenegro: Podgorica | Capital of North Macedonia: Skopje | Capital of Andorra: Andorra la Vella | Capital of Albania: Tirana |
Capital of Malta: Valletta | Capital of San Marino: San Marino |
Capital of Russia: Moscow | Capital of Belarus: Minsk | Capital of Ukraine: Kiev | Capital of Lithuania: Vilnius |
Capital of Estonia: Tallinn | Capital of Moldova: Chisinau | Capital of Latvia: Riga |
Name: Europa, abbreviated as Europe.
Location: Located in the northwest of the Eastern Hemisphere, west of Asia. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Atlantic Ocean in the west, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa in the south, the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Greater Caucasus Mountains, the Bosphorus Strait, the Dardanelles Strait in the east and Asia in the east, and the Greenland Sea and the Danish Strait in the northwest opposite North America.
Area: 10.16 million square kilometers, accounting for about 6.8% of the world's total land area, only larger than Oceania, is the sixth largest continent in the world.
Range: The continent extends east to the polar Ural Mountains (66°10′E, 67°46′N), south to Cape Maroki (5°36′W, 36°00′N), west to Cape Roca (9°31′W, 38°47′N), north to Cape Norchen (27°42'E, 71°08′N).
Inhabitants: Europe is the most densely populated continent. Urban population accounts for about 64% of the continent's population, ranking third among continents after Oceania and North America. Europe's population distribution is the densest in the west, with more than 200 people per square kilometer in the middle Rhine valley, the Paris basin, eastern Belgium and the lower Thames, and the vast majority of Europe's inhabitants are Caucasian (Europa). The inhabitants belong to the following language families: Indo-European languages, which account for 95% of the continent's total population, including Slavic, Germanic, Latin, Albanian, Greek, Celtic peoples; The Uralic language family, including Finnish, Ugric, Samoyed peoples. Most of the inhabitants are Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox. Located in the northwest corner of Rome, the capital of Italy, the Vatican City, is the center of Catholicism in the world.
Western Europe: Narrowly defined as the Atlantic Ocean in western Europe and nearby islands, including the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France and Monaco. It has an area of more than 930,000 square kilometers. The European capitalist countries are also commonly referred to as Western Europe. The terrain of Western Europe in a narrow sense is mainly plains and plateaus, and the mountainous area is small. Located in the westerly wind belt, most of the area belongs to the oceanic temperate broad-leaved forest climate, with abundant, stable rainfall and foggy. Rivers mostly flow into the Atlantic Ocean. The main minerals are coal, iron, oil, natural gas, potash and so on. Crops are mainly wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, sugar beets. It is rich in grapes and apples. Fishery and animal husbandry are relatively developed. The Aldennes horse produced in Belgium and France, the Bakshire pig, the Yorkshire pig, the Great White pig, the Elshire cattle, thoroughbreds, and the Dutch cattle produced in the Netherlands are world-famous.
Central Europe: Refers to the region of Central Europe south of the Baltic Sea and north of the Alps. Central Europe includes Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein. The area is more than 1.01 million square kilometers. The southern part is entrenched by the tall Alps and their tributary Carpathian Mountains, and there are many collapsed basins in the mountains; The northern part is plain, glaciated by the Quaternary period, with glacial terrain and lakes. It is located in the transition zone from oceanic temperate broadleaf forest climate to continental temperate broadleaf forest climate. With the exception of the Danube, the second largest river in Europe, which flows east through the southern mountains and empties into the Black Sea, most of the rivers flow north into the Baltic and North Seas. The main minerals are lignite, hard coal, potash, lead, zinc, copper, uranium, magnesite, bauxite and sulfur. The crops are mainly wheat, barley, rye, potatoes and sugar beets, as well as temperate fruits. The livestock industry is relatively developed, and Switzerland's Simendal cattle, Sanen goats, Togenburg goats and other excellent livestock breeds are world-famous.
Northern Europe: Refers to Jutland and Scandinavia. Including Iceland, Faroe Islands (Denmark), Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland. It has an area of more than 1.32 million square kilometers. There are many plateaus, hills and lakes in the territory, and the Quaternary glacial period was all covered by glaciers, so there are many glacial terrains and fjord coasts. Scandinavia covers an area of about 800,000 square kilometers, and the Norwegian coast is steep and winding, with many islands and fjords. The Scandinavian Mountains run through the peninsula, about 1500 km long and 400-600 km wide, with steep western slopes and gentle eastern slopes, an ancient table-shaped mountain, some areas covered by glaciers, and the highest point of the peninsula is the highest point of the peninsula at 2470 meters above sea level in Norway. Iceland has many volcanoes and hot springs. Most of Northern Europe has a temperate taiga climate; Only the Atlantic coastal area is affected by the warm North Atlantic current, and the climate is relatively mild and belongs to the temperate broadleaf forest climate. The river is short and rapid, and the hydraulic resources are abundant. The main minerals are iron, lead, zinc, copper, etc. Extensive forests. Crops are mainly wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, sugar beets. The livestock industry is relatively developed. Fish are abundant, and the western coast is one of the world's top three fishing grounds. Catches account for about 9 per cent of the world's total catch.
Overseas possessions
Denmark: GreenlandFrance: Clipperton Island, French Guiana, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Territories (Amsterdam Island, St. Paul Island, Korojete Islands, Kerguelen Islands, Adeleyland, French Indian Ocean Islands including Indian Cay, Europa, Glorious Islands, Juan de Nuevo, Tromlin Island), Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion, Saint Bartholomew, Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Wallis and Futuna.
Netherlands: Aruba, Netherlands Antilles (Bonnech, Curacao, Saba, Sint Maarten, Sint Eustatius).
Norway: Bouvet Island, Peter I Island, Queen Maud Land.
Portugal: Azores, Madeira.
Spain: Canary Islands, Spanish sovereign territories (Ceuta, Melilla).
United Kingdom: Anguilla, Ascension Island, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Montserrat, St. Helena, Tristan, da Cunha Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, British Antarctic Territory, British Indian Ocean Territory, Pitcairn Islands, South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands.
Europe, full name "Europe", the name comes from the Greek mythological figure "Europa" (Greek: Ευρώπης), Europe is located in the northwest of the Eastern Hemisphere, north of the Arctic Ocean, west of the Atlantic Ocean, south of the Atlantic Ocean of the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. The continent extends to the east to the polar Ural Mountains (66°10′E, 67°46′N), south to Cape Maroki (5°36'W, 36°N), west to Cape Roca (9°31′W, 38°47′N), and north to Cape Norchen (27°42′E, 71°08′N).
Europe ranks sixth in the world, with a population density of 70 people / km², making it the third most populous continent in the world, second only to Asia and Africa, and more than 99% of the population is white, relatively single. Europe is one of the most habitable continents with a high standard of human living, a high environmental and human development index.
Europe is bounded by the Ural Mountains and the Ural River in the east, the Caspian Sea, the Greater Caucasus Mountains and the Black Sea in the southeast and Asia, the Atlantic Ocean, the Greenland Sea, the Danish Strait and North America in the west, the Arctic Sea in the north, and the Mediterranean Sea and Africa in the south (the dividing line is: the Strait of Gibraltar).
The northernmost point of Europe is Cape Norchen in Norway, Cape Malokie in Spain in the southernmost point, and Cape Roca in Portugal in the westernmost point. Europe is the second smallest continent and continent in the world, only a little larger than Oceania, and it is called Eurasia together with Asia, and Asia, Africa and Africa.
Origin of the name
The full name of Europe is Europa, and the English name is Europe. There are some legends about the origin of the name Europe. In Greek mythology, Demeter was a goddess in charge of agriculture, blessing the world with abundant grains and prosperity for both people and animals. In portraits of this goddess, she is always depicted sitting on the back of a bull. In ancient times, bulls were indispensable farming animals for human beings, and since the goddess was in charge of farming, she naturally had to sit on the back of the bull. Another name for this goddess is Europa, and people call Europa the name of the continent out of respect for the goddess. In addition, there is a widely circulated legend: Zeus, the "king of all gods", took a fancy to Europa, the beautiful daughter of the Phoenician king, and wanted to marry her, but was afraid that she would not agree. One day, Europa was playing by the sea accompanied by a group of girls. When Zeus saw it, he quickly turned into a majestic and docile bull and came to Europa, who saw this lovely bull crouching beside him and straddled the back of the bull. As soon as Zeus saw Europa's plan, he immediately stood up and walked forward, avoiding the crowd, then soared into the air, and then jumped into the sea to break the waves, taking Europa to a distant land to live together.
Location Realm Europe is located in the west of Asia and is part of the Eurasian continent. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea to the north, west and south, and Asia to the east and southeast, like a large peninsula jutting out from Eurasia to the west.
Most of Europe lies within the northern temperate zone, the farthest of the world's inhabited continents from the equator. It is not tropical.
The four poles in Europe are: the North Urals (66°10'E) to the east; Cape Roca on the westernmost Iberian Peninsula (9°31'W); Cape Norchen (71°8'N) on the northernmost Scandinavian Peninsula; and Cape Maroki (36°N) on the southernmost Iberian Peninsula.
From the perspective of land and sea, Europe faces the Atlantic Ocean, backs the hinterland of Asia, and is located on the west coast of the continent. The western coast of the continent at mid-latitudes belongs to the westerly wind belt in the atmospheric circulation system, so most of Europe blows westerly winds all year round, and the climate is heavily influenced by the Atlantic Ocean.
Horizontal contour fragmentation is a distinctive feature of European physical geography. More than 13 of the total area belongs to peninsulas and islands, of which peninsulas account for 27% of the continent's area, which is unique among all continents in the world. The average height of the terrain of the
whole European terrain is 340 meters, the terrain is dominated by plains, and a series of mountains rise in the south, collectively known as the Alpine system, of which Mont Blanc is 4807 meters above sea level, Mont Blanc belongs to France, becoming the highest peak in Western Europe. Europe's river network is dense and abundant, the longest river is the Volga with a length of 3690 kilometers, and the second largest river is the Danube, with a total length of 2850 kilometers, which is the most flowing river in the world. Europe's coastline is tortuous, with peninsulas, islands, bays and inland seas, and Scandinavia in Northern Europe is the largest peninsula in Europe. Europe is the only continent with a permanent population that does not have a tropical climate, and the cold climate occupies a small area, so the climate is mild and the precipitation distribution is relatively even.
The topography of Europe has many peculiarities. The highest point is located in the Elbrus Mountains in the Greater Caucasus Mountains at a height of 5642 meters.
First of all, Europe is the lowest continent in the world, with an average height of only 340 meters. Plains below 200 meters in height account for about 60% of the total area of the continent, and the proportion of plains is second to none in any continent. The plains of Europe stretch for thousands of kilometers from the Atlantic coast in the west to the foothills of the Urals in the east, forming a large plain that runs through Europe. Europe's mountains occupy a small area, and even fewer mountains, with mountains above 2,000 meters above sea level accounting for only 2% of the total area of the continent.
Second, the topography of Europe can be roughly divided into east and west parts from the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea to the west coast of the Black Sea: the eastern part is dominated by the plain, and the terrain is relatively single, and the western part is intertwined with mountains and plains, and the terrain is more complex. The distribution of topography is closely related to the geological structure foundation.
Third, during the Quaternary glacial period, there were two large glacial centers in Europe, one was the continental glacier center of Scandinavia, and the other was the mountain glacier center of the Alps, the former had a great impact on Europe, because of its role, the northern half of Europe was covered with glacial landforms.
Western Europe is relatively flat and plain; Northern Europe has the Scandinavian mountains; Central Europe has the Alps with lower temperatures; Southern Europe has the Carpathians (Balkans), the Apennines (Apennines) and the Pyrenees (Iberian Peninsula); Europe has four peninsulas (Iberia; Apennines; Balkan; Scandinavia) three plains (Eastern Europe, Bode, Western Europe) are warmer than at the same latitude, mainly influenced by the warm North Atlantic current.
1. General characteristics of topography: mainly plains, glacial landforms are widely distributed, and high mountains and mountains are gathered in the south.
2. Composition of terrain areas: plateaus, hills and mountains above 200 meters above sea level account for about 40% of the continent's area, and plains below 200 meters above sea level account for 60%.
3. Characteristics of mountain ranges: the Alps span the south, the Scandinavian mountains are relatively gentle, and the coast is mostly deep into the steep fjords inland.
4. River distribution characteristics: the river network is relatively dense, many short and abundant rivers, many rivers are connected by canals.
The major rivers that flow through several countries in hydrological
Europe include the Rhine, the Danube, the Elbe, and the Oder. In addition, the main rivers include the Seine, Loire, and Garonnes in France, the Vois, Dnieper, and Ural rivers in Russia, the Thames in Britain, and the Po in Italy.
In addition to rivers, Europe has many lakes. The glacial lakes left behind by glaciers have made Finland known as the land of a thousand lakes. Most of Europe is
temperate oceanic, but also Mediterranean, temperate continental, polar and mountainous. Among them, temperate oceanic climate is the most typical. Europe is the sixth largest continent in the world, with an area of 10.17 million square kilometers [6].
The climate in most parts of Europe is mild and humid. Most of them are located in temperate zones and are the continent with the most extensive marine climate distribution in the world. Due to the vastness of the plains, the humid westerly winds blowing from the Atlantic Ocean can penetrate deep inland, and the influence of the North Atlantic Current makes the entire coastal area of Western Europe very humid, and the European continent transitions from an oceanic climate to a continental climate from west to east.
Europe is located at mid-high latitudes, with the sea to the west. The coastline is jagged by the action of seawater, and the ocean is the main reason for controlling the climate. Influenced by the sea, Europe has a mild climate, abundant rainfall, high relative humidity and cloudy, a phenomenon that includes the interior of the northern Alps.
The eastern part of the European continent receives less rainfall, low relative humidity and clear skies, a climatic phenomenon that extends to the vast foothills of Europe and Asia. These influences follow a north-south band and pass through Norway, Denmark and Germany. The season of mobility in the mountains south of the Alps is dominated by subtropical high-pressure systems, so the rainfall in this area varies significantly from season to season, with rainy winters and dry summers.
The highest summer temperatures are in the Mediterranean region. The average temperature in July is 27°C in Athens, 25°C in Granada, Spain, and 23.5°C in Turin, Italy. Average summer temperatures gradually drop to the north and along the coast, with the average July temperature in Trenso and Vardo in Norway being around 11°C and 9°C. In winter, the temperature gradually decreases from southwest to northeast Europe; Therefore, the average temperature in Lisbon, Portugal, in January is 10.5 °C, but in the Soviet Union, the average temperature in the same month is -14.5 °C, and the average temperature on the Atlantic coast in winter is quite high, for example, the Arctic Circle coast in Norway is not colder than New York City. Rainfall is concentrated along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts, while islands on the northwest coast, such as the British Isles, also receive a lot of rainfall. Rainfall on the northwest coast exceeds 2,000 mm, gradually decreasing towards the Black Sea in the southeast.